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Psalm 4

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Psalm 4
"Hear me when I call, O God of my righteousness"
"Mirificauit Dominus Sanctum suum. Psalm. 4. Honoratur Deus per crebra miracula, quæ per BERNARDUM fecit."
Mirificauit Dominus Sanctum suum. Psalm. 4. Copperplate print by Jacobus Neeffs, 1653.
Other name"Cum invocarem"
Textattributed to David
LanguageHebrew (original)
Psalm 4
← Psalm 3
Psalm 5 →
BookBook of Psalms
Hebrew Bible partKetuvim
Order in the Hebrew part1
CategorySifrei Emet
Christian Bible partOld Testament
Order in the Christian part19

Psalm 4 is the fourth psalm of the Book of Psalms, beginning in the English of the King James Version: "Hear me when I call, O God of my righteousness". In Latin, it is known as "Cum invocarem".[1] The psalm is traditionally attributed to David, but his authorship is not accepted by modern scholars. The message in the psalm is that the victories of sinners are only temporary, and that only repentance can bring joy.

The psalm forms a regular part of Jewish, Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican and other Protestant liturgies. It has often been set to music, including works in Latin by Michel Richard Delalande, Henry Desmarest and Marc-Antoine Charpentier.

Text

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Hebrew

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The following table shows the Hebrew text[2][3] of the Psalm with vowels alongside an English translation based upon the JPS 1917 translation (now in the public domain).

Verse Hebrew English translation (JPS 1917)
1 לַמְנַצֵּ֥חַ בִּנְגִינ֗וֹת מִזְמ֥וֹר לְדָוִֽד׃‎ For the Leader; with string-music. A Psalm of David.
2 בְּקׇרְאִ֡י עֲנֵ֤נִי ׀ אֱלֹ֘הֵ֤י צִדְקִ֗י בַּ֭צָּר הִרְחַ֣בְתָּ לִּ֑י חׇ֝נֵּ֗נִי וּשְׁמַ֥ע תְּפִלָּתִֽי׃‎ Answer me when I call, O God of my righteousness, Thou who didst set me free when I was in distress; be gracious unto me, and hear my prayer.
3 בְּנֵ֥י אִ֡ישׁ עַד־מֶ֬ה כְבוֹדִ֣י לִ֭כְלִמָּה תֶּאֱהָב֣וּן רִ֑יק תְּבַקְשׁ֖וּ כָזָ֣ב סֶֽלָה׃‎ O ye sons of men, how long shall my glory be put to shame, in that ye love vanity, and seek after falsehood? Selah
4 וּדְע֗וּ כִּֽי־הִפְלָ֣ה יְ֭הֹוָה חָסִ֣יד ל֑וֹ יְהֹוָ֥ה יִ֝שְׁמַ֗ע בְּקׇרְאִ֥י אֵלָֽיו׃‎ But know that the LORD hath set apart the godly man as His own; The LORD will hear when I call unto Him.
5 רִגְז֗וּ וְֽאַל־תֶּ֫חֱטָ֥אוּ אִמְר֣וּ בִ֭לְבַבְכֶם עַֽל־מִשְׁכַּבְכֶ֗ם וְדֹ֣מּוּ סֶֽלָה׃‎ Tremble, and sin not; commune with your own heart upon your bed, and be still. Selah
6 זִבְח֥וּ זִבְחֵי־צֶ֑דֶק וּ֝בִטְח֗וּ אֶל־יְהֹוָֽה׃‎ Offer the sacrifices of righteousness, and put your trust in the LORD
7 רַבִּ֥ים אֹמְרִים֮ מִֽי־יַרְאֵ֢נ֫וּ ט֥וֹב נְֽסָה־עָ֭לֵינוּ א֨וֹר פָּנֶ֬יךָ יְהֹוָֽה׃‎ Many there are that say: 'Oh that we could see some good!' LORD, lift Thou up the light of Thy countenance upon us.
8 נָתַ֣תָּה שִׂמְחָ֣ה בְלִבִּ֑י מֵעֵ֬ת דְּגָנָ֖ם וְתִירוֹשָׁ֣ם רָֽבּוּ׃‎ Thou hast put gladness in my heart, more than when their corn and their wine increase.
9 בְּשָׁל֣וֹם יַחְדָּו֮ אֶשְׁכְּבָ֢ה וְאִ֫ישָׁ֥ן כִּֽי־אַתָּ֣ה יְהֹוָ֣ה לְבָדָ֑ד לָ֝בֶ֗טַח תּֽוֹשִׁיבֵֽנִי׃‎ In peace will I both lay me down and sleep; for Thou, LORD, makest me dwell alone in safety.

King James Version

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  1. Hear me when I call, O God of my righteousness: thou hast enlarged me when I was in distress; have mercy upon me, and hear my prayer.
  2. O ye sons of men, how long will ye turn my glory into shame? how long will ye love vanity, and seek after leasing? Selah.
  3. But know that the LORD hath set apart him that is godly for himself: the LORD will hear when I call unto him.
  4. Stand in awe, and sin not: commune with your own heart upon your bed, and be still. Selah.
  5. Offer the sacrifices of righteousness, and put your trust in the LORD.
  6. There be many that say, Who will shew us any good? LORD, lift thou up the light of thy countenance upon us.
  7. Thou hast put gladness in my heart, more than in the time that their corn and their wine increased.
  8. I will both lay me down in peace, and sleep: for thou, LORD, only makest me dwell in safety.

Context

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Psalm 4 is traditionally attributed to David, but his authorship is not accepted by modern scholars.[4][5][6][7] The psalm's Latin title is Cum invocarem.[8]

The psalm's text is a reflection of David speaking to all sinners while addressing himself to Absalom. The message in the psalm is that the victories of sinners are only temporary and meaningless, and that only repentance can bring true happiness.[9] It is a request to God for deliverance from past distresses.[10][11][12]

This is the first psalm with a musical instrument, strings, mentioned in the title.[13][14] There also was a 'selah' ending the previous psalm, Psalm 3.[15] There is, however, no agreement what 'selah' meant. Popular modern views might include a pause, a reflection or a lifting.[16] Poetically, if selah is a connection, it is as if David recited his Psalm 3, then paused and began to sing, continuing with his harp. The themes will be false and true worship, but also false and true satisfaction. 'They long for prosperity', David sings, but David has it and is more satisfied 'than when their grain and new wine abound'.[17]

Many see a chiastic structure in the layout of this psalm.[18]

Uses

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Judaism

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Inscriptions referencing Psalm 4

New Testament

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Book of Common Prayer

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In the Church of England's Book of Common Prayer, Psalm 4 is appointed to be read on the morning of the first day of the month.[8]

Catholic

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The psalm forms part of the Benedictine rite of the daily evening prayer Compline.[23] After the Reform of the Roman Breviary by Pope Pius X it was only used on Sundays and Solemnities. In the Liturgy of the Hours it is part of Compline on the eve of Sunday and Solemnities.

Musical settings

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While several composers set the whole Psalm 4, some writers and composers focused on the aspect of sleeping in peace, as a base for evening music.

Fanny Crosby wrote a hymn based on verse 8 in 1853, titled “An Evening Hymn", which she described as her first published hymn.[24]

Heinrich Schütz composed a setting of a metred version in German, "Erhör mich, wenn ich ruf zu dir", SWV 100, published in 1628 in the Becker Psalter. Michel Richard Delalande wrote a great motet (S41) in Latin in 1692 for services celebrated in the royal chapel of Versailles. Henry Desmarest also wrote a great motet on the psalm. Marc-Antoine Charpentier composed around 1689 Cum invocarem exaudivit me, H. 198, for soloists, choir, flutes, strings and continuo. Desmarest, Nicolas Bernier, André Campra, wrote a great motet Cum invocarem exaudivit me. A plainsong version was included in H. B. Briggs and W. H. Frere's Manual of Plainsong published in 1902.[25]

Max Drischner composed a setting of verses 7 and 9, combined with Psalm 74:16, as the final movement of his Tübinger Psalmen for voice, violin and organ, or choir, melody instrument and keyboard instrument, in 1948, titled "Ich liege und schlafe ganz mit Frieden".

References

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  1. ^ "Parallel Latin/English Psalter / Psalmus 4". Archived from the original on 2017-09-30. Retrieved 2019-09-19.
  2. ^ "Psalms – Chapter 4". Mechon Mamre.
  3. ^ "Psalms 4 - JPS 1917". Sefaria.org.
  4. ^ Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi (2004). "Psalms". In Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Fishbane, Michael A. (eds.). The Jewish Study Bible. Oxford University Press. p. 1282. ISBN 9780195297515.
  5. ^ Kugel, James L. (2017). The Great Shift: Encountering God in Biblical Times. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-544-52057-8. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  6. ^ The Destiny of the Righteousin the Psalms. Chalice Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-8272-3674-5. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  7. ^ Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael David (1993). The Oxford Companion to the Bible. Oxford University Press. p. 626. ISBN 978-0-19-974391-9.
  8. ^ a b Church of England, Book of Common Prayer: The Psalter as printed by John Baskerville in 1762
  9. ^ The Artscroll Tehillim, page 6
  10. ^ The Psalms: translated and explained By Joseph Addison Alexander, Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg, page 26
  11. ^ Commentaires sur les psaumes, d’Hilaire de Poitiers, IVe siècle, Paris, Éditions du Cerf, 2008, collection sources chrétiennes n°515.
  12. ^ Commentaire sur les psaumes (jusqu’au psaume 54), de saint Thomas d’Aquin, 1273, Éditions du Cerf, 1996.
  13. ^ "Musical Instruments of the Old Testament".
  14. ^ "Music in the Bible (Psalms) - Wikiversity".
  15. ^ "Psalms Chapter 3 KJV".
  16. ^ Jewish Encyclopaedia, Selah
  17. ^ Psalms 4:7: NIV translation
  18. ^ Alden, Robert L., Chiastic Psalms, Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society, accessed 7 May 2020
  19. ^ The Complete Artscroll Siddur, page 295
  20. ^ The Complete Artscroll Machzor for Rosh Hashanah, page 79
  21. ^ See also Séfer Tehilim, de Rachi, XIe siècle.
  22. ^ Kirkpatrick, A. F. (1901). The Book of Psalms: with Introduction and Notes. The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges. Vol. Book IV and V: Psalms XC-CL. Cambridge: At the University Press. p. 838. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
  23. ^ "St. Benedict's Psalmody". University of Toronto. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
  24. ^ Carleton, Will (1903). Fanny Crosby's Life Story. New York, NY: Every Where Publishing Co.
  25. ^ Stone, D., Psalm 4: Cum invocarem, from A Manual of Plainsong for Divine Service containing the Canticles Noted [and] the Psalter Noted to Gregorian Tones together with the Litany and Responses, edited by H. B. Briggs and W. H. Frere, Novello and Company, London, 1902
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